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What is COPD?

COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation, making it increasingly difficult to breathe over time. The disease primarily includes two conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In chronic bronchitis, the lining of the bronchial tubes becomes inflamed and produces excess mucus, leading to coughing and breathing difficulties. Emphysema involves damage to the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, reducing the lungs’ ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream.

Symptoms of COPD

COPD develops gradually, and symptoms often worsen over time. Common signs include:

Persistent cough, often with mucus

Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity

Wheezing

Chest tightness

Frequent respiratory infections

Fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance

Early symptoms may be subtle, but as the disease progresses, breathing difficulties can significantly impact daily life.

Causes and Risk Factors

The leading cause of COPD is long-term exposure to lung irritants, with cigarette smoking being the most significant risk factor. However, non-smokers can also develop COPD due to:

Exposure to second-hand smoke

Occupational exposure to dust, chemicals, and fumes

Indoor air pollution, such as smoke from biomass fuels used for cooking or heating

A rare genetic disorder called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

History of severe childhood respiratory infections

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing COPD involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and lung function tests such as spirometry. Imaging tests like chest X-rays or CT scans may also be used to assess lung damage.

While COPD is not curable, effective management can control symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow disease progression. Treatment options include:

Medications: Inhalers (bronchodilators and steroids) to open airways and reduce inflammation

Oxygen therapy: For patients with low blood oxygen levels

Pulmonary rehabilitation: Exercise and education programs to improve lung function and endurance

Lifestyle changes: Quitting smoking, avoiding lung irritants, and maintaining a healthy diet

Surgical interventions: In severe cases, procedures such as lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplant may be considered

Prevention and Living with COPD

Preventing COPD or slowing its progression is possible with proactive steps:

Quit smoking and avoid exposure to second-hand smoke

Use protective equipment if exposed to dust or chemicals at work

Ensure proper ventilation when cooking with biomass fuels

Stay physically active to strengthen respiratory muscles

Eat a balanced diet rich in antioxidants

Get vaccinated against flu, pneumonia, and COVID-19 to prevent respiratory infections

Support at ITM Hospital

At ITM Hospital, we are committed to providing advanced, patient-centred care for COPD. Our multidisciplinary team offers comprehensive diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, pulmonary rehabilitation, and ongoing support to help patients manage their condition and lead fulfilling lives. Our state-of-the-art facilities and experienced specialists ensure that every patient receives the highest standard of care.

Conclusion

COPD is a serious but manageable disease. Early detection, lifestyle modifications, and adherence to treatment can make a significant difference. If you or a loved one experiences symptoms of COPD, consult the experts at ITM Hospital for timely evaluation and care. Together, we can breathe easier and live better.